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Developmental biology.

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"Although Charles Darwin predicted that his theory 'would give zest to ... metaphysics, ' even he would be astonished at the variety of paths his theory has in fact taken. This holds with regard to both gene-Darwinism, a purified Darwinian approach biologizing the social sciences, and process- Darwinism found in the disciplines of psychology, philosophy of science, and economics. Although Darwinism is often linked to highly confirmed biological theories, some of its interpretations seem to profit from tautological claims as well, where scientific reputation cloaks ideological usage. This book discusses central tenets of Darwinism historically as well as systematically, for example the history of different Darwinian paradigms, the units-of-selection debate, and the philosophical problem of induction as basis of metaphysical Darwinism. Crucially the book addresses the Darwinian claim that evolution is governed by an immutable and unrelentingly cruel law of natural selection. Paradoxically, Darwins theory is a static, non-evolutionary theory of evolution. The current book sketches the historical background and provides suggestions that may help to replace this approach by the idea of an evolution of evolutionary mechanisms (see Escher's 'Drawing Hands' on the cover). This view even suggests a tendency to overcome the blindness of the knowledge acquisition of primordial Darwinian processes and allows for some freedom from external environments. This book first develops a radically Darwinian approach, then criticises this approach from within. Even Darwinism has a tendency to transcend itself. Although the book addresses several empirical issues, it does not challenge particular findings. Instead it builds on many insights of Darwinism and provides a proposal for interpreting known empirical evidence in a different light. It should help pave the way for further developing an understanding of nature that transcends Darwinian metaphysics"--Publisher's description.

Developmental biology.

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Over the years, established NGOs have been increasingly criticised for losing their role as transformational powers because of processes of (among others) professionalisation and bureaucratisation and, related to this, increased dependence on government funding. The organisational features of citizen aid are what distinguish them from established development organisations. Are the small and voluntary organisations run by citizens as a consequence and contrary to their established counterparts, not 'too close for comfort' and able to live up to the 'articles of faith' as distinguished by Tendler? This first chapter introduces the book, the two parts and the different chapters and authors. More importantly, it sets the stage by discussing the emergence of citizen aid particularly in the field of international cooperation and the many different ways they are related to other development actors, and bringing together the different names and concepts with which this phenomenon has been studied over the last decade and which are used in this book. All the research that has gone into private development organisations (mainly under the name of NGO studies) has provided little insight into broader groups of these NGOs and has been focused primarily on a few big organisations. In effect, we acknowledge the diversity in the sector but, in fact, know relatively little about that same diversity. This volume tackles that shortcoming of the existing literature. We study the rise of citizen aid as part of the changing aid architecture, with a clear folk to folk dimension, which includes aspects of solidarity and global citizenship. We discuss how the alternative nature of this actor, being small in scale and voluntary, determines their role as development actors.

Developmental biology.

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Cells --- Developmental biology --- Cells. --- Developmental biology. --- Cells. --- Developmental Biology. --- Cytology

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The intersection of development and evolution has always harbored conceptual issues, but many of these are on display in contemporary evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). These issues include: (1) the precise constitution of evo-devo, with its focus on both the evolution of development and the developmental basis of evolution, and how it fits within evolutionary theory; (2) the nature of evo-devo model systems that comprise the material of comparative and experimental research; (3) the puzzle of how to understand the widely used notion of 'conserved mechanisms'; (4) the definition of evolutionary novelties and expectations for how to explain them; and (5) the demand of interdisciplinary collaboration that derives from investigating complex phenomena at key moments in the history of life, such as the fin-limb transition. This Element treats these conceptual issues with close attention to both empirical detail and scientific practice to offer new perspectives on evolution and development. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Evolutionary developmental biology --- Philosophy.